Contents: steel Category
What is special steel
Theoretical calculation of weight
Have an impact on the performance of the steel elements
Metallurgical terms
Metal Performance Materials
Metallic materials testing
Metal Casting
Domestic and foreign steel, commonly used steel tables
Steel Category
Wire: Pu-high line screw steel
Profile: I-beam steel channel angle, heavy rail Engineering H-beam steel angle steel flat steel bar from edge of the six light rail gear angle of heat-resistant steel bar end of the round steel bar side of the carbon steel bearing steel Guitar carbon stainless round steel bar bearing the spring steel bar filling
Plate: plate in the container board boiler plate carbon-end low-alloy plate Huawen Ban cold plate hot plate of cold Coil Coil galvanized sheet, galvanized sheet, galvanized plate volumes of manganese stainless steel plate silicon steel sheet Cai Tuban Caigang corrugated Hot Strip galvanized iron Coil
Tube: hot galvanized pipe stainless steel tube of cold galvanized spiral pipe seamless tube of hot-rolled seamless
First, black metal, steel and nonferrous metals
In introducing the classification of steel before a brief introduction to black metal, steel and non-ferrous metal basic concepts.
1, black metal is iron and iron alloy. Such as steel, the Health and ferroalloy, iron and so on. Steel and pig iron are iron-based, to add carbon as the main elements of the alloy, collectively referred to as carbon iron alloy. Pig iron is the iron ore into the blast furnace smelting from the products, mainly used for steel castings and manufacturing. Cast iron on the melting furnace in the melting, or be cast iron (liquid), the liquid iron casting a casting, this cast iron is cast iron.
Ferroalloy by silicon and iron, manganese, chromium, titanium and other elements of the alloy, iron alloy steel-making raw materials is one of the steel-making to do when the steel alloy elements Deoxidizer and additives used.
2, the pig iron into steel used by certain steel-making furnace smelting technology, get steel. Ingot steel products, billet and direct all kinds of steel castings and other Zhucheng. Usually by the stresses of steel, generally refers to all kinds of steel rolling into the steel. Steel is a black metal but not entirely equivalent of black metal.
3, non-ferrous metals also known as non-ferrous metal, ferrous metal, in addition to that of metals and alloys, such as copper, tin, lead, zinc, aluminum and brass, bronze, aluminum alloys and bearings. Also in industry has also adopted chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, the metal alloy used as the main appendages, to improve the performance of metals, including tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, and other cutting tools used for the production The carbide. These are known as non-ferrous metal industries, in addition to precious metals: platinum, gold, silver and precious metals, including radioactive uranium, radium, and so on.
Second, the classification of carbon steel is 0.04% -2.3% in the carbon iron alloy. In order to ensure its toughness and plastic, the carbon content of not more than 1.7 percent. In addition to the key elements of iron, carbon, there are silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and so on. The classification of a variety of methods, the seven main methods are as follows:
1, according to the quality classification
(1) General Steel (P ≤ 0.045%, S ≤ 0.050%)
(2) high quality steel (P, S are ≤ 0.035%)
(3) High quality steel (P ≤ 0.035%, S ≤ 0.030%)
2. By chemical composition Category
(1) carbon steel: a. low-carbon (C ≤ 0.25%); b. in the carbon (C ≤ 0.25 ~ 0.60%); c. high-carbon (C ≤ 0.60%).
(2) Steel: a. low-alloy steel (total content of alloying elements ≤ 5%) b. in the alloy steel (total content of alloying elements> 5 ~ 10%) c. high-alloy steel (total content of alloying elements> 10%) .
3, the method of forming Category: (1) Forged (2) Steel (3) hot rolling mill, (4) cold-drawn steel.
4, according to the microstructure Category
(1) a. annealing the state-eutectoid steel (ferrite + pearlite) b. eutectoid steel (pearlite) c. a eutectoid steel (pearlite + cementite) d. ledeburite steel ( Infiltration of pearlite +).
(2) normalizing the state: a. pearlite steel; b. bainitic steel; c. martensite steel; d. austenitic steels.
(3) No part of a phase change or transformation of the
5, the end-use classification
(1) of steel for construction and engineering: a. ordinary carbon structural steel; b. low-alloy steel structure; c. reinforced steel.
(2) structural steel a. machinery manufacturing steel: (a) transfer of structural steel; (b) the surface structure of hardened steel: including carbonized steel, ammonia steel, surface hardening steel; (c) easy to cut structural steel; ( d) forming cold steel: steel including cold stamping, cold heading steel. B. c. bearing steel spring steel
(3) tool steel: a. carbon tool steel; b. alloy tool steel; c. high-speed tool steel.
(4) special performance of: a. b. stainless steel heat-resistant steel acid anti-oxidation, including steel, hot-steel, steel valves c. Electric Steel; d. wear-resistant steel; e. cold steel; f. Electrical Steel
(5) professional steel - such as the bridge steel, shipbuilding, steel, steel for boiler and pressure vessel steel, steel and other agricultural machinery.
6, comprehensive classification
(1) a. ordinary carbon steel structural steel: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); ( e) Q275. b. low-alloy steel structure c. specific uses ordinary structural steel
(2) high quality steel (including high quality steel)
a. structural steel: (a) high-quality carbon steel structure; (b) alloy structural steel; (c) spring steel; (d) easily cut steel; (e) bearing steel;
(f) specific uses high-quality structural steel.
b. tool steel: (a) carbon tool steel; (b) alloy tool steel; (c) high-speed tool steel. c. special performance of: (a) Acid-resistant stainless steel; (b) heat-resistant steel;
(c) Electric Steel; (d) electrical steel; (e) wear-resistant high-manganese steel.
7, smelting method by Category
(1) of the furnace at a. open hearth furnace steel: (a) acid open hearth furnace steel; (b) basic open hearth furnace steel.
b. converter steel: (a) Acid converter steel; (b) Basic converter steel. Or (a) blowing at the end of converter steel; (b) Side-blown converter steel; (c) BOF steel.
c. electric furnace steel: (a) electric arc furnace steel; (b) electroslag furnace steel; (c) induction furnace steel; (d) vacuum furnace steel consumption; (e) electron beam furnace steel.
(2) the extent and deoxy a. pouring boiling points of the system; b. half killed steel; killed steel; d. special killed steel. >> Back to
What is special steel ?
Of special steel and there is no uniform definition of the concept is generally believed that special steel is a special chemical composition (alloy), a special production process, the organization and with special properties, to meet special needs of the steel categories. Compared with ordinary steel, special steel with higher strength and toughness, physical properties and chemical properties, biocompatibility and process performance.
China and Japan, the EU's special steel close to the definition, will be divided into high-quality special steel carbon steel, alloy steel, high-alloy steel (alloying elements more than 10 per cent) three categories, including alloy steel and high-alloy steel of special steel Yield of 70%. You kind of special steel mainly carbon structural steel, carbon tool steel, carbon spring steel and spring steel alloy, alloy structural steel, steel ball bearings, alloy tool steel and high alloy tool steel, high-speed tool steel, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel And high-temperature alloys, precision alloys, electric alloys. The world at present there are nearly 2,000 special steel grades, about 50,000 different specifications. In addition to a wide range of special steel, in the specifications and also show different characteristics of ordinary steel. In addition to plates, tubes, wire, belt, rod and profile, there are composite materials, surface alloying material, surface treatment materials, precision forging materials, precision castings, powder metallurgy products.
First, China's steel, said methods outlined
Steel grades as steel, on each specific steel products from the name, is the understanding of a common language. China's steel, that means, in accordance with national standards, "said grade steel products method" (GB221-79) provided by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet letters, chemical element symbols and a combination of Arabic numerals said. Namely: ① steel, chemical element used in the international chemical symbols, such as Si, Mn, Cr…… and so on. REE mixed with "RE" (or "Xt") said.
② product names, uses, smelting and casting methods, generally using the acronym for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet letter said.
③ steel in the main chemical elements in (%) using Arabic numerals said.
Second, China Steel, said that the classification method
1. Carbon Steel
① figures from the Q + + + Quality rating symbols deoxy method symbols. It's steel, known as "Q", the representative of the yield point of steel, said the figures behind the yield point values, such as Q235 MPa units is that yield point (σ s) for the 235 MPa of carbon structural steel.
② steel, if necessary, can be identified said that behind the quality and grade of the symbols and deoxy methods. Quality rating symbols are A, B, C, D. Deoxy method symbol: F Steel said boiling; b half that killed steel: Z that killed steel; TZ said special killed steel, killed steel may superscript symbols, that is, Z and TZ can not superscript. For example, Q235-AF that A-level boiling steel.
③ specialized uses carbon steel, such as steel bridges, steel and other marine Basically, the use of carbon steel structure that approach, but in the final of steel surcharges that uses the letters.
2. High-quality carbon steel structure
① steel, the beginning of the two figures that the carbon content of steel, with an average carbon content of the very few that, for example, the average carbon content of 0.45 percent of the steel, steel, for "45", it is not the order of, we can not read into 45 steel.
② manganese content in high quality carbon steel structure should be marked manganese, for example, 50 Mn.
③ boiling steel, semi-killed steel and specialized uses high-quality carbon steel structural steel should be in the final, especially marked, for example, the average carbon content of 0.1 per cent of the semi-killed steel, steel, for 10 b.
3. Carbon tool steel
① steel, known as "T", so as to avoid mixed with other types of steel.
② Steel, said the number in the carbon content, the average carbon content of 1,000 parts per said. For example, "T8" that the average carbon content of 0.8 percent.
③ higher levels of manganese, steel, in the final marked "Mn", for example, "T8Mn".
④ High quality carbon steel tool of phosphorus, sulfur content, than low-quality carbon tool steel, steel, the final word in the letter "A", to show differences, such as "T8MnA".
4. Free cutting steel
① steel, known as "Y", as distinct from high-quality carbon steel structure.
② letter "Y" after the figures that the carbon content, the average carbon content of the very few that, for example, the average carbon content of 0.3% of the free cutting steel, steel, as "Y30". ③ manganese content higher, after also in steel, marked "Mn", for example, "Y40Mn".
5. Alloy Steel
① steel, the beginning of the two figures that the carbon content of steel, with an average carbon content of the very few said that if 40 Cr.
② steel in the main alloying elements, in addition to individual micro-alloy elements, the general said a few percent. When the average alloy content of <1.5 percent, steel, in general marked only element symbols, without indicating the content, but in exceptional circumstances Yizhi confusion, the elements can also be superscript symbols after a number "1", such as steel, "12CrMoV" and "12 Cr1MoV", the former chromium content of 0.4-0.6 percent, 0.9-1.2 percent for the latter, the same as all the remaining ingredients. When the alloy elements average levels of ≥ 1.5%, ≥ 2.5%, ≥ 3.5%…… at the element symbols should be marked in the back, said that for the corresponding 2,3,4…… and so on. For example, 18 Cr2Ni4WA.
③ steel in the vanadium V, Ti Ti, Al AL, B B, RE, and other alloys of rare earth elements, are micro-alloy elements, although the content is very low, should remain in steel, to the successful bidder. For example, 20 MnVB steel. Vanadium to 0.07-0.12 percent, boron to 0.001-0.005 percent.
④ senior in high quality steel and steel of the final "A", as distinct from the general high quality steel.
⑤ specialized uses alloy structural steel, steel, known as (or suffix), on behalf of the steel use the symbol. For example, riveting Lo dedicated 30 CrMnSi steel, steel, expressed as ML30CrMnSi.
6. High-strength low-alloy steel
① Steel, said the method is basically the same and alloy steel structure.
② for professional use high-strength low-alloy steel, steel, should be in the final marked. For example, 16 Mn steel, used in steel bridge dedicated to "16 Mnq", the exclusive automotive steel girders for the "16 MnL", a special steel pressure vessel for the kind of "16 MnR".
7. Spring steel
Spring steel by chemical composition can be divided into carbon spring steel and spring steel alloy two categories, steel, said its methods, which are basically the same high-quality carbon steel structure, which is basically the same alloy steel guitar.
8. Rolling steel
① steel, called the letter "G", said Rolling steel categories.
② high-carbon steel, chrome steel bearings of the carbon content is not marked, chromium content per thousand to a few that, for example GCr15. Carburizing steel, bearing steel that way, basically the same and alloy steel structure.
9. Alloy tool steel and high-speed tool steel
① steel alloy tool steel, the average carbon content ≥ 1.0%, not marked on the carbon content when the average carbon content of <1.0 percent, to 1,000 parts per said. For example, Cr12, CrWMn, 9SiCr, 3Cr2W8V.
② steel alloy elements in ways that are basically the same alloy steel structure. However, lower levels of chromium alloy steel, tool steel, chromium content to a few per thousand, and that the figures in front of "0" to it and the general elements in the percentage of that approach To distinguish. For example, Cr06.
③ high-speed steel, tool steel is generally not marked on the carbon content, only identified various alloying elements in the average percentage. For example of the high-speed steel tungsten steel, expressed as "W18Cr4V". Steel, called the letter "C", said that its carbon content higher than the highest "C", the General Steel.
10. Stainless steel and heat-resistant steel
① in the carbon content of steel per thousand to several said. For example, "2 Cr13" of the average carbon content of 0.2% if the carbon content in steel ≤ 0.03% or ≤ 0.08%, respectively, before the steel, called "00" and "0" of, for example, 00 Cr17Ni14Mo2, 0Cr18 Ni9, etc. .
② of steel in the main alloying elements to a few per cent, and titanium, niobium, zirconium, such as nitrogen…… according to the micro-alloy structural steel alloy elements of the approach that mark.
11. Steel electrode
It's steel, called before the letters "H", to distinguish it from other types of steel. For example, stainless steel wire for the "H2Cr13", can be distinguished from stainless steel "2 Cr13".
12. Electrician's silicon steel
① steel, by letters and numbers. DR letters, the head of that electrician's hot-rolled silicon steel, DW said electrician's cold-rolled non-oriented silicon steel, DQ said electrician's cold-rolled silicon steel orientation.
② letters after the figures that iron loss of (W / kg) of 100 times.
③ steel, rear by the letters "G", said the high frequency of the test; without "G", said the frequency of 50 cycles of testing.
For example, steel, DW470 said electrician's cold-rolled non-oriented silicon steel products in the frequency of 50 Hz when the biggest unit weight of iron loss value of 4.7 W / kg.
13. Electrician's pure iron
① its trademark by the letters "DT" and numbers, "DT" said electrician with pure iron, that the number of different brands of the order of, for example, DT3. ② behind by the increase in the number of letters that electromagnetic properties: A - High, E - premium, C - super, such as DT8A. >> Back to
Theoretical calculation of weight
ANGLE: 0.00785 per metre weight = * (+-W-W - thick edge) * thick edge
Bar: weight = 0.00617 per metre in diameter * * diameter (screw steel bar and the same)
Flat steel: weight = 0.00785 per metre thickness * *--
Tube: weight = 0.02466 per metre wall thickness * * (diameter - thickness)
Plate: weight = 7.85 per metre thickness *
Huang brass: weight = 0.02670 per metre wall thickness * * (diameter - thickness)
Zi Tongguan: weight = 0.02796 per metre wall thickness * * (diameter - thickness)
Al Huawen Ban: the weight per square metre thickness = 2.96 *
The proportion of non-ferrous metals: copper plate 8.5 zinc 8.9 Huang copper plate 7.2 Qianban 11.37
Non-ferrous metal sheet is calculated as follows: = proportion of weight per square metre thickness *
Have an impact on the performance of the steel elements
The quality and performance of steel is based on needs identified by the different needs, different elements in need.
(1) Carbon; higher carbon content, just the hardness of the higher, but it's worse on the plasticity and resilience.
(2) sulfur is harmful debris in steel, a higher sulphur content of pressure in high-temperature processing, easy to brittle fracture, usually called hot brittle.
(3) P; enable the plasticity and resilience of steel decreased significantly, particularly in low temperature even more serious, such a phenomenon called cold brittle. In high quality steel, sulfur and phosphorus to strictly control. But from the other hand, low carbon steel in the presence of high sulfur and phosphorus, so that it can easily cut off, to improve the cutting of steel can be beneficial.
(4) manganese; can enhance the strength of steel to weaken and eliminate the adverse effects of sulfur, and to enhance hardenability steel, manganese high volume of high-alloy steel (high manganese steel) has a good wear resistance And other physical properties.
(5) silicon; it can increase the hardness of steel, plastic and toughness decline, electrical steel used in the presence of a certain amount of silicon, can improve the soft magnetic properties.
(6) W; can improve the steel-hard and strong heat, and can increase the wear resistance of steel.
(7) chromium; steel can improve the hardenability and wear resistance, can improve the ability of corrosion-resistant steel and anti-oxidation.
(8) vanadium; refinement of the grain can be organized to enhance the strength of steel, toughness and wear resistance. When it in high-temperature melting into the austenite, the increase of steel hardenability the contrary, when it exists in the form of carbide, it will reduce its hardenability.
(9) Mo; can be significantly improved hardenability steel and hot-and prevent brittle temper and improve residual magnetism and Jiao coercivity.
(10) titanium; refinement of the grain can be organized so as to enhance the strength and toughness of steel. In stainless steel, titanium can eliminate or reduce the crystallization of steel corrosion phenomenon.
(11) nickel; steel can improve the strength and toughness, and enhance hardenability. High levels, can significantly change the alloy steel and some physical performance, enhance the ability of corrosion-resistant steel.
(12) B when the steel contains traces of (0.001 - 0.005%) boron, steel hardenability can multiply the increase.
(13) aluminum; refinement of steel to the grain, low carbon steel inhibition of the time. Raise steel at low temperature toughness, but also enhance the antioxidant activity of steel, increased steel, such as fatigue and wear resistance.
(14) of copper; the prominent role it is to improve the general atmosphere of low-alloy steel of the anti-corrosion, especially when used with phosphorus and more obvious. >> Back to
Metallurgical terms
1, sintering sintering powder or pressure in the blanks below the melting point of the main components of the temperature of heat treatment, the aim of particles through the metallurgical combine in order to enhance its strength.
2, in the pre-packing packingmaterial burned to the process of sintering or separated from the role and protection of pressure and will be buried in one of the blank material.
3, pre-burning presintering in the final sintering temperature lower than the temperature under the pressure of heated billet.
4, pressure sintering pressure in the sintering at the same time to exert pressure on the single sintering process.
5, with sintered-loose-powdersintering, gravitysintering powder without the direct suppression of the sintering.
6, liquid phase sintering liquid-phasesintering at least two components of the powder or pressure blanks in the formation of a liquid state sintering.
7, over-oversintering sintering temperature is too high and (or) sintering time is too long a result of deterioration of the final product sintering.
8, less burning undersintering sintering temperature is too low and (or) sintering time is too short resulting product does not meet the required performance of sintering.
9, melt infiltration infiltration products with low melting point than the melting point of molten metal or alloy in the state of not filling the sintering or sintered products within the pores of the way.
10, dewaxing dewaxing, burn-off with pressure from the heating of organic additives in the blanks (binder or lubricant).
11, with net general from muffle furnace meshbeltfurnace network with the protection of the furnace will achieve continuous conveyor parts of the sintering furnace.
12, walking beam furnace walking-beamfurnace through the walking-beam system will be placed on the sintering furnace after the parts to send in the sintering furnace.
13, putting furnace pusherfurnace parts will be burned into the boat, through the propulsion system components will be sent to the furnace in the sintering furnace.
14, a sintering neck neckformation sintering at the neck-like particles formed between the association.
15, foaming from the severe blistering because of gas, formed in the sintering surface bubbling phenomenon.
16, sweating sweating pressure billet heated liquid leakage at the phenomenon.
17, sintered shell sinterskin sintering, the sintering of a formed on the surface layer, the performance is different from the internal products.
18, the relative density of the porous relativedensity density and no hole under the same components of the density ratio, expressed in percentage.
19, radial pressure ulcer density radialcrushingstrength through the imposition of the radial pressure sintering cylindrical sample of the breakdown of strength.
20, the porosity of porous porosity of all the pore size and the ratio of total volume.
21, due to the proliferation of pore diffusionporosity Keken in effect led to a proliferation of material element to another element in the formation of pores.
22, pore size distribution poresizedistribution materials at all levels in the aperture size calculated according to the numbers or percentages.
23, the apparent hardness apparenthardness under the conditions set forth in the sintering of the hardness of materials, including the impact of the pore.
24, hardness solidhardness entities under the conditions set forth in the determination of the sintering phase of a particle or a region or the hardness, which exclude the impact of the pore.
25, foaming pressure bubble-pointpressure forced impregnation of liquid gas products through the first bubble have the required minimum pressure.
26, fluid through sexual fluidpermeability under the conditions set forth in the determination of the unit time liquid or gas through the porous of the number. >> Back to
Metal Performance Materials
For a more rational use of metal materials, give full play to its role, must have made of various materials, metal, component in normal circumstances should work with the performance (the performance) and its hot and cold in the course of processing the material should have performance (Process of).
Material properties, including the use of physical properties (such as the proportion of melting point, conductivity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, magnetic, etc.) and chemical properties (durable corrosion, oxidation resistance), also called the mechanical properties of mechanical properties.
Material properties of the material refers to cold, heat processing methods capacity.
(A), the mechanical properties
Is that the mechanical properties of metal materials in the external force demonstrated by the features.
1, Strength: Material in force (load) role, deformation and fracture resistance capacity. Materials unit area said the stress load.
2, the yield point (б s): that the yield strength that the material in the Rafah Chen process, the materials suffered stress reached a certain threshold, the load will not increase the deformation continues to increase, or a 0.2% L. When the stress value, unit by N / mm 2 (N/mm2) said.
3, tensile strength (б b) also called the ultimate strength of that material in Rafah before the bear off the biggest stress value. Units with N / mm 2 (N/mm2) said.
4, elongation (δ): Material in tensile break, the elongation to the original length of the percentage of distance.
5, section shrinkage (Ψ) materials in the tensile fracture, the most narrow section of the original percentage of basal area.
6, hardness: that of resistance to other hard objects more pressure on the capacity of its surface, the hardness of their common determination of the scope of hardness (HBS, HBW) and Rockwell hardness (HKA, HKB, HRC)
7, toughness (Ak): material capacity to resist the impact load, in units of J / cm 2 (J/cm2).
(2), Technology Performance
That material subject to various processing and handling capacity of those properties.
8, casting performance: metals or alloys that are suitable for casting some of the properties, including flow performance, full of mold ability to shrink, casting solidification shrinkage of capacity; segregation that chemical composition of inequality.
9, welding performance: that of metal materials by heating or heating and pressure welding method, two or more metal materials welded together, the interface used to meet the objective characteristics.
10, top-of performance: metallic materials that can be awarded for the upset without rupture performance.
11, cold-formed performance: that metal materials at room temperature to be capable of bending without rupture performance. Bending with the general level of bending angle α (Waijiao) or bend diameter d heart of the thickness of a material that the ratio, a greater or d / a smaller, cold-formed and better materials.
12, punching performance: metal stamping deformation of materials processing to bear without the ability to rupture. At room temperature for stamping called cold stamping. Testing method used punch pilot test.
13, forging performance: Forging metal materials in the processing of plastic deformation can not bear the breakdown of capacity.
(C), the chemical properties
That metal materials with the surrounding medium So when the resistance in contravention of chemical or electrochemical reaction performance.
14, corrosion resistance: resistance metal material that eroded the ability of various media.
15, anti-oxidation: that metal materials under high temperature, the resistance of skin have the ability. >> Back to
Metallic materials testing
Metallic materials are metallurgical products, metal materials in production, orders, transport, use, storage and testing must be based on uniform technical standards - standards metallurgical products. Of metal materials in the staff must have the relevant content standards.
China's metallurgical products using the standard for national standards (code-named "GB" GB ""), the Ministry of superscript (metallurgical industry standards "YB", a machine of the standard "JB" and so on) Enterprise Standard 3.
(A) packaging tests
According to metallic materials of the type, shape, size, accuracy, anti-corrosion may be.
1. Bulk: that is, no packaging, Kai ingot, block (not afraid of corrosion, not valuables), the large steel (steel large, thick steel rails), pig iron, and so on.
2. A bundle: that smaller, less impact on the use of corrosion, such as small and medium-sized steel, the steel, wire rod, plate, and so on.
3. Boxes (barrels): refers to anti-corrosion, small, thin products, such as tinplate, silicon steel sheet, Mei Ding, and so on.
4. - Axis: that line, rope, steel cable, and so on.
To bind me, the axis packaging products should first check whether the complete package.
(B) sign test
Logo is a material difference between the material and specification of the signs that the major supplier's name, trademark, the test batches, specifications, size, grade, net weight, and so on. There are signs;
5. Tu color: metallic materials in the end, the end of the painted various colors of paint, mainly for steel products, pig iron, nonferrous metals and other raw materials.
6. Print: Metal material provided in the site (end, the end) or spray-painted a symbol of the way, that the grade materials, specifications, standards, and so on. For the main plate, profile, non-ferrous metals and other materials.
7. Listing: a bundle, boxes, metal and other materials into a shaft outside the listing on its trademark, size, weight, standards, supply-side, and so on.
Metal signs of serious test to identify, in the transport, storage and other process should be properly protected.
(C) form factor test
Dimensions refer to the main site of metal materials (length, width, thickness, diameter, etc.) the nominal size.
8. Nominal size (nominal size): It is people want in the production of the ideal size, but its actual size and a certain gap.
9. Size bias: the actual size and nominal size of the margin of error is size. Is greater than the nominal size is flawed, said size is smaller than the negative bias. In the scope of the standard deviation is allowed, over the scope of super-size is poor, ultra poor are unqualified goods.
10. Accuracy levels: the size of metal materials to allow deviation of several provisions of the size and size to allow deviation designated as a number of different grade levels is accuracy, precision score general, higher, and other senior.
11. Delivery length (width): delivery is the main dimension of metal materials, metal materials that should be delivered with the long (width) of the specifications.
12. Usually length (not length length): not for a certain length of the provisions, it must be a requirement within the framework of the length (in different varieties, not the same length, according to Ministry of Works).
13. Short-foot (narrow feet): length is less than the usual requirement of minimum size length, but not less than the specified minimum length allowed. For some metal materials, in accordance with the regulations can pay part of the "short foot."
14. Length Length: The submission must have a length of metal materials required in order to specify the length of the contract (generally are deviations).
15. Times-foot length: the reference to the length of metal materials must be in the order specified in the contract for the entire length several times (plus Jukou are deviations).
Dimensions of the test materials to the attention of measuring the location and selection of appropriate measurement tools.
(D) the number of tests
The number of metal materials, generally refers to the weight (in addition to individual cases Dianban, Merlion to the number plate), the number of test methods are:
17. According to the actual weight of measures: measures to the actual weight of the metal materials should in general be weighed all the tests. On a solid packaging (such as me, or, barrels, etc.), on the packaging is marked with GW, the net weight and tare weight. Such as thin steel plate, silicon steel sheet, ferroalloy can be sampling the number of not less than 5 percent of a group, such as sampling weight and tag out great weight should be all right out of the box weighing.
18. The conversion of measures: material to the nominal size (actual size) and calculated the proportion of the weight of those materials, such as length of the plate can be converted by theory, but when converted to the attention of the conversion formula and the actual proportion of materials.
(5) surface quality inspection
Surface quality testing of the material is, look, shape, surface defect inspection, are:
19. Oval: circular section of metal materials, in the same cross-section of various diameters ranging from the direction of the phenomenon. Ellipse with the same cross-section of the largest and the smallest diameter difference that the different uses of different standards.
20. Bending, bending: bending is rolling materials. In length or width is not straight, a generic term for a curve shape. If the extent of their grievances with figures that out, called curvature.
21. Reverse: rolling strip material twisted into a spiral along the vertical axis.
22. Sickle bending (side bends): refers to metal plates, and with nearly rectangular-shaped cross section of wood along the length (of narrow side) of bending the one hand, a Aoru curve, another face-to-face with protruding curve, called "bending sickle" . To a high degree of Aoru said.
23. Piao curvature: that the board or with the length and width at the same time the level of the wave of ups and downs, Piao song-shaped form, called Piao curvature. Qu said Piao Piao degree of curvature is numerical.
24. Surface cracks: that the metal object surface cracks.
25. - Ear: As Roll with misconduct and other reasons, the direction of rolling along the extension of the processes, called the ears of.
26. Including injury: that of a straight or curved surface ditch marks usually can see Goudi.
27. Scarring: that uneven distribution of surface materials in a metal tongue, or a nail-thin slices of Yulin Zhuang.
28. BOND: metal plates, foil, with the rolling annealing again and again when the layer and layer of points, lines, the mutual-adhesion. The surface turned left traces of adhesive, called bonding.
29. Iron oxide Paper: Paper is iron oxide material in the heating, rolling and cooling process, in the formation of metal oxides.
30. Collapse: hot-rolled metal in the process of (or forged) to form a surface defect, equivalent to each other on the two-metal layer, a straight line or curve-shaped coincidence.
31. Ma: that metal surface rugged rough surface.
32. Subcutaneous bubble: Metal material on the surface showed no distribution of size, shape different from around the sleek small uplift, the convex bubble burst was Jizhua or tongue-shaped cracks scarring, called bubble.
Surface defect on the main reasons for the production, transportation, handling, custody and other improper operation. Based on the impact of the use of different, some fundamental flaws are not allowed to exceed limits. Although some flaws do not exist, but do not allow more than limit whether to allow all kinds of surface defects exist, or allow the existence of the Commissioner of standards in both the explicit provisions.
(6) internal quality assurance testing conditions
Metallic materials based on internal quality testing is based on different materials meet the requirements to ensure that conditions are different, and acceptance in the factory when the conditions required to ensure that test and meet the requirements to ensure that the conditions;
33. Basic guarantee conditions: minimum requirements for the quality of the material, whether or not that had to guarantee, such as chemical composition, the basic mechanical properties.
34. Additional guarantee conditions: means the demand side in order specified in the contract requirements, to conduct testing and to ensure that the test results meet the required items.
35. Agreements guarantee conditions: supply and demand and consultation between the two sides in the contract in order to guarantee the project.
36. Senate changed conditions: consultation between the two sides to test items, but only for reference conditions, for examination.
Metal material internal quality testing mainly mechanical properties, physical properties and chemical properties, technology performance, chemical composition and internal organization of inspection. Mechanical properties, the performance of the first part has been introduced, only here the chemical composition and internal organization of the test methods and the principles outlined a simple process to do.
(7) chemical composition tests
Is to determine the chemical composition of metallic material performance and quality of the main factors. Therefore, the standards of the vast majority of metal materials must ensure that the provisions of the chemical composition, and some even as a major quality, variety indicators. Chemical composition can be chemical, physical analysis of a variety of methods to identify, is the most extensive application of chemical analysis and spectral analysis method, in addition, equipment simple, fast identification of the identification law sparks, but also the identification of a steel components The summary of practical methods.
37. Chemical analysis: According to determine the chemical reaction of the metal components, this approach collectively referred to as chemical analysis. Chemical analysis into qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the two. Through qualitative analysis, can identify what material containing elements, but we can not determine their content; quantitative analysis, is used to accurate determination of the content of various elements. Production of the main practical use of quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis method for the weight of analysis and capacity analysis.
The weight of law: the use of appropriate means of separation so that the metal element in the determination of separation and other ingredients, then weighing method to test elements of the content.
Capacity analysis: The standard solution (known concentration of the solution) and metal elements in the measured response completely, and then consumed by the standard solution based on the volume was calculated element of the content.
38. Spectrometry: various elements in high-temperature, high-energy excitation can generate their own unique spectrum, in accordance with elements were inspired by the characteristics of the spectrum to determine the chemical composition and metal content of more or less, said spectrometry. Usually through the use of Arc, EDM, laser energy, and so excited sample the outside world so that the spectral characteristics of a measured element. By the spectrum after
|